1.理论部分是给了朱自清的背影的两种翻译,问哪一段翻译更好
2.英翻汉:Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternal(外在的)resultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage—alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.
Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacle.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.
Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,tofacetheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Dowenoticeourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkweareshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkweareslowtoadapttochangesorthatwearenotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottotryatall.
Thesefeelingsofinsecurity(不安全)andself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.
汉翻英:
世界上不少国家为了控制烟草生产和消费,通过提高烟草税以求实现“寓禁于征”的目的。但提高烟草税在理论上存在许多争议,在实践上也具有不同效应。在第27个“世界无烟日”到来之际,本报记者就提高烟草税和控烟履约有关问题,采访了国家烟草专卖局烟草经济研究所政策研究室主任李保江。
一问:提高烟草税能否“一举两得”?
对烟草征税,自其16世纪初期从南美传入欧洲并进而传遍世界便已开始,当时各国的主要目的自然是增加财政收入。而第一次明确以控烟之名对烟草征收重税,是在英国。1595年,英国药学家首次提出吸烟具有健康危害性。1604年,英国国王詹姆斯一世发表《反烟檄文》,同年将每磅烟草的税收从2便士提高到82便士,一次猛增了40倍。
然而,由于当时英国烟草消费需求旺盛,政府突然之间大幅提高烟草税,导致了烟草走私泛滥,造成了烟草管理失控:一方面烟草消费需求并未减少,另一方面政府税收却大量流失。为摆脱这一困境,詹姆斯一世很快就改变了政策,把每磅烟草的税收从82便士降低至12便士,结果烟草走私大为减少,政府税收快速增加。
李保江表示,英国的这一政策实践和教训,对后来世界烟草税收政策产生了重大影响。世界各国在制定烟草税收政策时力求结合实际,做到既有利于控制烟草消费,又有利于增加财政收入。