211 翻译硕士英语
I.阅读理解 (共5题，每题4分，共20 分。)
Neuroscientists have well established that the brain has a highly robust and well-developed capacityto change in response to environmental demands, a process called plasticity, This involves creatingand strengthening some neuronal connections and weakening or eliminating others, the degree otmodification depends on the type of leamning that takes place, with long-temm learning leading tomore profound modification. It also depends on the period of learning, with infants experiencingextraordinary growth of new synapses, But a profound message is that plasticity is a core feature ofthe brain throughout life.
There are optimal or "sensitive periods" during which particular types of learning are most effective.despite this lifetime plasticity, For sensory stimuli such as speech sounds, and for certain emotionaland cognitive experiences such as language exposure, there are relatively tight and early sensitiveperiods.Other skills, such as vocabulary acquisition.do not pass through tight sensitive periods andcan be learned equally well at any time over the lifespan.
Neuroimaging of adolescents now shows us that the adolescent brain is far from mature, andundergoes extensive structural changes well past puberty, Adolescence is an extremely importantperiod in terms of emotional development partly due to a surge of hormones in the brain; the stillunder-developed pre-frontal cortex among teenagers may be one explanation for their unstablebehaviour, We have captured this combination ofemotional immaturity and high cognitive potentiain the phrase “high horsepower, poor steering.
In older adults, fluency or experience with a task can reduce brain activity levels - in one sense thisis greater processing efficiency, But the brain also declines the more we stop using it and with ageStudies have shown that learing can be an effective way to counteract the reduced finctioning ofthe brain: the more there are opportunities for older and elderly people to continue leaming (whetheithrough adult education, work or social activities), the higher the chances of deferring the onset ordelaying the acceleration ofneurodegenerative diseases.
The importance of environment
Findings firom brain research indicate how nurturing is crucial to the learning process, and arebeginning to provide indication of appropriate learning environments, Many of the environmentalfactors conducive to improved brain finctioning are everyday matters -the quality of socialenvironment and interactions, nutrition, physical exercise, and sleep -which may seem too obviousand so easily overlooked in their impact on education. By conditioning our minds and bodiescorrectly, it is possible to take advantage of the brain''s potential for plasticity and to facilitate thelearning process. This calls for holistic approaches which recognise the close interdependence ofphysical and intellectual well-being and the close interplay of the emotional and cognitive.
5 个选择题:
1. plasticity 的近义词，选项有 automaticity, authenticity, duplicity, elasticity
2.哪个是 synapsis 的功能,选项有延长神经元寿命、connect messages betweenneurons,facilitate the metabolism of neuron、
3.下列选项哪个是 highhorse power和 poor steering 的意思
4.哪个不能从最后两段推测出来
5.读的最后一题 好像是有个the environmental factors are important 还有一个是 theplasticity is negatively related to the advance of degenerative tasks
II.划线句子翻译 (6句，30分)
Anglophilia greased the entry of the British into the American establishment. Institutions such as theCouncil for Foreign Relations fostered it. A British accent was regarded as proof of intelligence andwit, Some of the immigrants were genuinely talented, but Anglophilia lifted plenty of flotsam andjetsam too, and allowed clever Brits to get awy with things that Americans never could. Hitchenseven lit a cigarette on television, leaving his interviewer speechless.
The British invasion was further eased by the Atlantic alliance, which was revived by RonaldReagan and Margaret Thatcher, and flourished through Tony Blair's relationships with Bill Clintonand George Bush. It was, in part for both sides alowing America to claum thatit was acting in something bigger than its own interests and Britain to believe that it still had a seat atthe top table. But it also had some substance to it, particularly as globalisation gathered pace. Both countries embraced a distinctive model of finance-driven capitalism; indeed, London was arguably abigger financial centre than New York.
In recent years, Britain has lost some of its cachet in America. The press regularly-and thepresident occasionally-portrays the country as a poverty-stricken, crime-ridden dystopia. America's population is becoming less Anglo-Saxon and more Hispanic and Asian, Students across the countryare demanding the "decolonisation of the curiculum", which means, among other things, less British history and English literature, Walter Lippmann, one of America's greatest columnists. oncedeseribed America's relationship with Britain as one of“discordant intimaey", Today the discordsometimes drowns out the intimacy.
The combination of Donald Trump's election and Britain's decision to leave the European Union hasalso destroyed two of Britain's most important assets, Mr, Trump used the Atlantic allianee as a way of beating up the EU rather than building an alliance of democracies, Brexit simultaneously deprivedBritain of its position as a bridge between America and the EU and destroved its reputation as a wellrun country capable of calming America's frequent temper tantrums, A New Yorker cover shortlyafter the Brexit vote displayed a group of bowler-hatted lemmings racing over a cliff, And over thepast four years the British have done their best to prove the magazine right, discarding two primeministers, dismissing their Parliament briefly and-measured by deaths per head of the populationmanaging the covid-19 crisis even worse than America has.
Britain clearly still needs America, especially now that Brexit has divided Britain from Europe, andChina's clampdown in Hong Kong limits Asian options. Aspiring Britons will still go there to try tomake their names, For all its recent travails America still offers fabulous rewards and continent-sized opportunities.
The more intriguing question is whether America needs Britain any longer. It still has an appetite for British talent, and not just of the floppy-haired ersatz-upper-class Hugh Grant-style variety: it hastaken to comedians with non-t accents such as James Corden and John Oliver, as well as writerswho chronicle the experience of minorities such as Zadie Smith. It will also have much more use forthe old Atlantic alliance if Mr Trump loses the election, as looks increasingly likely. Joe Biden's America will be in the business of rebuilding relationships across the board: and despite leaving the EU, Britain, with its deep military, diplomatic and security relations with the United States, will bean important part of that process.
Americans may also discover that they can profit firom advice in an area the British know all too well decline and stagnation, America bears more than a passing resemblance to early-20th-century Britain, which saw itself overtaken in one area after another by a rising and much more disciplined Germany. “The Coming Neo-Feudalism", a new book by Joel Kotkin of Chapman University inAmerica, describes a world quite familiar to the British, in which a hereditary ruling elite lords itover a compliant intelligentsia and an impoverished middle class. Britons may not have solved the problems of economic decline and neo-feudalism in their own country, But they have had plenty of time to reflect on them,and at the very least they can wam Americans what will happen iftheydon't change course.
1.第一题有 leamn from experiences 和 learn experience 的区别(书上原题，应该是名词或形容词冗余)
2. Over the past decades he has devoted the greater part of his life to developing andspreading improved orange strains among fruit growers. Vs. Over the past decades hehas devoted the greater part of his life to developing improved orange strains andspreading them among fruit growers.(也是原题)
3.还有个有到 2021 还是多少年，增长
4.还有个 great efforts ,跟 try to do 的区别,
5.还有个是 registered an increase of啥的。
6.有这个 talents，句子里有句 train them a powerful force
...to the public confidence V.S. devote ....in the public confidence7. devote
8.还有个problem,question,contradiction 的区别
9.使用青铜器还是啥，were being used as early as、、were started to be used as earlyas、be used as erly as 某个朝代，和,be used in as eraly as 某个朝代
10. hether reunification can be brought about smoothly will be determined by two factors.One is the result of the practice of "one country, two systems" in Hong Kong, and theother is whether we can make a breakthrough in economic development.
IV,作文(20 分):
国家主席习近平强调，必须铭记生于忧患、死于安乐，常怀远虑、居安思危，继续推进新时代党的建设新的伟大工程
谈谈你对这句话的理解。字数 200 字左右
V.summary(20 分,150 字左右) 选自《人民日报》
170 多年前，鸦片战争的炮火轰开了中国闭关锁国的大门，震醒了“天朝上国”的美梦由此开启了艰苦追寻现代化的进程，各种救亡图强的方案竟相登场。无论是洋务运动的“中体西用”，还是“百日维新”的昙花一现:无论是“预备立宪”的草草收场，还是辛亥革命的“民主共和”，都没有找到开启现代化大门的钥匙。最终难免被历史大潮淘汰的宿命，黯然落幕，惨淡离场。
中国共产党的诞生，犹如黑暗中的一道闪电，划破了旧中国漆黑的夜幕，照亮了中国通往现代化的前进道路。在28年的浴血奋战中，无数中国共产党人怀着扶大厦于将倾之时、救国家于危亡之际的民族大义，抛头颅、洒热血，用鲜血和生命铸就了一条国家独立、民族解放的光辉之路。正是在中国共产党的领导下，我们才取得了新民主主义革命的胜利，推翻了“三座大山”，建立了新中国，走上了现代化的康庄大道。
