第一段
①Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.②By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units，one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research.③But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
单词&词组
specialisation n. 专业化
a response to the problem 这个问题的应对之策
accumulation n. 积累
split v. （使）分开（成几部分）
subject matter 主题、论题；主要内容
professionalisation n. 职业化
based on 基于
in terms of 在……方面，就……而言
本段翻译
专业化可视为对“科学知识日益累积”这一问题的应对之策。通过将主要内容分成更小的单位，人们能够继续处理这些信息并将其作为更深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的相关发展之一另一发展是科研活动的日益职业化。
第二段
①No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.②Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.③The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.④The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
单词&词组
clear-cut a. 明确的；明显的；易辨认的
amateur n. 业余人士
exception n. 例外
connotation n. 含义，内涵，隐含意义
integrate v. 使融入（某群体或社会）
scientific community 科学界
consequent a. 随之发生的
illustrate v. （用……）说明
geology n. 地质学
本段翻译
在科学领域内，专职人员与业余人员之间根本不可能被明确区分：任何规则都有其例外。不过，“业余者”这个词的确带有这样的含义：所指人员并没有完全融入科学界，尤其是，可能和科学界的标准不一致。19世纪专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，意味着业余人员参与科学研究更加困难。这一趋势自然在以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域里表现得最为突出，英国地质学的发展态势可对此予以说明。
第三段
①A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.②Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.③Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.④The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.⑤As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.⑥A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
单词&词组
geological a. 地质的，地质学的
publication n. 出版物
primacy n. 首要，至高无上
definition n. 定义，解释
constitute v. 组成，构成
worthwhile a. 重要的，有价值的
in one's own right 自身具有的能力或品质
incorporate v. 包含、体现
reflect on 给……带来影响
overall result 总体结果
reinforce v. 加强，强化
referee vt. 审阅，鉴定（专业性文章）
separate a. 不同的
readership n. （统称某报纸、杂志的）读者，全体读者
differentiation n. 区别，不同
geologist n. 地质学家
whereas conj. 然而，但是
本段翻译
把英国最近一个半世纪的地质学刊物作一比较会发现，不仅“科研为本”越来越受到重视，而且判定科研论文是否可接受的标准也在不断变化。因而，19世纪时，区域地质学研究本身就象征着有价值的科研，而到20世纪时，只有在体现并影响更广阔地质学问题的情况下，区域研究才日益被专业人员接受。可另一方面，业余人员继续以传统方式从事区域的研究。总体的结果是，业余人员更难以在专业地质刊物上发表文章。且这一结果更由于评审制度的广泛采用而得以巩固，该制度最初是在19世纪时被国家级刊物采用，随后20世纪时被数家地方地质学刊物采用。这种发展带来的必然结果是，目前不同的刊物已发展为分别面向专业读者或业余读者。一种非常类似的分化过程使专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以一种不同的方式组成全国性团体。
第四段
①Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.②In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
单词&词组
under way 已经开始，在进行中
delay v. 推迟，使延迟
reckon v. 看作，认为是
crucial a. 至关重要的，关键的
本段翻译
虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界已得到良好发展，但是它的影响却延迟到20世纪才充分显示出来。不过，就科学总体来说，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生这一变化的关键时期。
五套卷
21.The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _______.
A：sociology and chemistry
B：physics and psychology
C：sociology and psychology
D：physics and chemistry
22.We can infer from the passage that _______.
A：there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
B：amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
C：professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
D：amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
23.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.
A：the process of specialisation and professionalisation
B：the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
C：the change of policies in scientific publications
D：the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
24. The direct reason for specialisation is _______.
A：the development in communication
B：the growth of professionalisation
C：the expansion of scientific knowledge
D：the splitting up of academic societies
参考答案
DBAC
答案解析
21、第二段③④句指出，19世纪专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员参与科学研究造成了更大的困难。且这一趋势在以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然科学领域内表现得最为突出。根据常识，物理学、化学与地质学都是以数学和实验室培训为基础的科学，而社会学和心理学则不是，因此只有[D]正确。
22、第二段①句指出，科学领域内，专业人员与业余人员之间没有绝对的区分，言外之意：业余人员有时可以与专业人员相匹敌。③④句指出，专业化的发展给业余人员进人专业队伍带来了困难，这种趋势在某些科学领域尤为突出，言外之意：另外一些领域中业余人员很可能可以与专业人员竞争。故[B]正确。
23、第二段末句提到，(专业化造成业余研究者很难进人专业领域的)趋势可以通过英国地质学的发展予以说明。第三段则具体指出英国地质学“科学刊物”和“研究团体”的分化。可见，作者举例的目的是描述专业化及职业化的形成过程，[A]正确。
24、第一段①句指出专业化“可视为对科学知识不断积累这个问题的应对之策”，②句进一步说明其具体功能：通过将信息细分，使人们得以处理信息、深人研究。因此[C]正确。
